Blakey, M.L. 1998. Beyond European Enlightenment: Toward a Critical and Humanistic Human Biology. In: Goodman, A.H., Leatherman, T.L., editors. Building A New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives On Human Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 379-406.

In this chapter Michael Blakey proposes the utilization of a critical and humanistic human biology through engaging the ‘culturalness’ of biology. Blakey discusses the pre-Christian roots of naturalism in Western science as well as the many streams of Christianity that are riddled throughout the practice and ideology of what Western society deems objective or scientific. Blakey points out how Western science ignores the fact that people modify nature in both theory and practice.  Science, biology is a product of society and culture and vice versa. Nature is constantly transformed into culture and nature is culturally constructed as it is explained/interpreted. Blakey states that scientific knowledge can be viewed as a branch of ideology.